In the original recording, Solomon Linda’s voice soars over a chorus of men chanting “ imbube, mbube. To her, the lyrics implore the lion to leave the flock alone. Scholar David Düsing translates it as “wake up.” According to Düsing, the last king of the Zulus, Chaka, was known as “the Lion.” Düsing explains: “Following his death, a legend arose that ‘the Lion’ was only sleeping and would one day awaken.” However, Linda’s youngest daughter translates “ mbube ” as “stay away.” She reported that the song was inspired by Linda’s childhood job as a herder, guarding his cattle against marauding lions. ” The Zulu word “ mbube ” has been translated in contradictory ways. A lawsuit, on behalf of Linda’s heirs, was finally resolved in February 2006: The Linda family was awarded a share of royalties from 1987 to the present.Īs is often the case in indigenous song, the meaning of the song is open to interpretation. He lived in poverty, working as a floor sweeper, and died penniless in 1962. Meanwhile, Solomon Linda had signed away the rights to his song in 1952 for less than a dollar. The song gained renewed popularity when it was included in the soundtrack for the 1994 animated film The Lion King. The Tokens’ version topped the charts worldwide and was recorded by over 170 artists, earning millions of dollars in royalties for Peretti, Creatore and Weiss. The Tokens’ song-writers Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore and George Weiss were credited as the lyricists and composers. In 1961, a rock band, the Tokens made an adaptation of Seeger’s version, added English lyrics, and retitled the song The Lion Sleeps Tonight. Wimoweh was released with great success by Seeger’s band, The Weavers. The famous American folk singer and songwriter Pete Seeger heard the Evening Birds’ recording, created his own version of the song, and changed the title to Wimoweh -a mispronunciation of the original title. Mbube is an example of the tortured path often followed by folk songs as they gain popularity and become part of mass market culture. It was recorded in South Africa by Solomon Linda and his group The Original Evening Birds in 1939. In fact, it's even more of a hodgepodge than the original version was seven years previously.Mbube is of Zulu origin. Although it contains a couple of Seeger's greatest hits, "Wimoweh" and "If I Had a Hammer (Hammer Song)," as well as some interesting performances of spirituals, with such collaborators as Big Bill Broonzy, Memphis Slim, and Willie Dixon thrown in, the album is still a hodgepodge. The recordings also seem to have been re-edited and remixed, with some extra waves of applause overdubbed. In 1968, Folkways was in a flurry of releasing Seeger compilations (the others were Pete Seeger Sings Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger Sings Leadbelly, and Where Have All the Flowers Gone?), and this one takes eight of the 12 tracks from the Sing Out with Pete! album, re-sequences them, and adds a few other stray tracks ("Wasn't That a Time," "What a Friend We Have in Congress," and "Hymn to Nations"). Nevertheless, Moses Asch, head of Folkways, couldn't have been very pleased at the development, and when Columbia issued its first Seeger album, a live LP called Story Songs in August 1961, Folkways countered the same month with its own live album, Sing Out with Pete!, which turned out to be a cobbled-together set of tracks that had been left off earlier Seeger live collections. This did not, as it turned out, mean that he actually left Folkways, which retained the right to issue not only previously unreleased recordings dating from before the Columbia deal, but also new recordings if Columbia didn't deem them sufficiently commercial to constitute competition. In 1961, Pete Seeger, long the flagship artist of the tiny independent Folkways Records label, signed to the major label Columbia Records.
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